{"id":65,"date":"2024-04-17T17:31:16","date_gmt":"2024-04-17T17:31:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/gratisvps.net\/blog\/?p=65"},"modified":"2024-04-18T21:35:43","modified_gmt":"2024-04-18T21:35:43","slug":"how-to-set-up-and-configure-a-linux-gre-tunnel","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gratisvps.net\/blog\/how-to-set-up-and-configure-a-linux-gre-tunnel\/","title":{"rendered":"How to set up and configure a Linux GRE tunnel"},"content":{"rendered":"

This guide will walk through the setup and configuration of a GRE tunnel between two Linux hosts. The two Linux hosts are running Ubuntu 22.04 LTS.<\/p>\n

What is a GRE tunnel in networking?<\/h2>\n

GRE (Generic Routing Encapsulation) tunnels encapsulate network packets inside new network packets. A virtual link is established between two hosts, allowing the hosts to communicate as if they were directly connected. The Cisco-developed tunneling protocol can encapsulate most protocol packet types.<\/p>\n

Is a GRE tunnel encrypted?<\/h3>\n

Though a GRE tunnel functions similarly to a VPN, packets traveling inside a GRE tunnel are not encrypted but are instead encapsulated inside a GRE header. You must configure IPSec separately if you want to maintain data confidentiality.<\/p>\n

How to set up and configure a GRE tunnel<\/h2>\n

Setting up a GRE tunnel naturally requires work on both hosts. You will need to create a tunnel interface on each, set up firewall rules, and create routing tables. For clarity, we’ll name one host “Host A” and the other “Host B”.<\/p>\n

GRE tunnel setup on Host A<\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

Enabling IP forwarding<\/h5>\n

The first step is to enable IP port forwarding on our host. Without this the GRE tunnel will not work. This is possible with a single command:<\/p>\n

sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1<\/code><\/pre>\n
Creating the GRE tunnel interface<\/h5>\n
Now we can create the GRE tunnel interface from Host A to Host B:<\/p>\n
ip tunnel add gre1 mode gre remote <HOST_B_IP> local <HOST_A_IP> ttl 25<\/code><\/pre>\n
Naturally, you should replace\u00a0<Host_B_IP><\/code>\u00a0with the IP address of your target server and\u00a0<Host_A_IP><\/code>\u00a0with the IP address of the machine you are currently connected to. \u00a0If you are a BitLaunch customer, you can quickly check the IP addresses of your servers in your control panel.<\/p>\n
Next, we need to assign an IP address to the GRE interface on our host:<\/p>\n
ip addr add <HOST_A_PRIV_IP_GRE>\/30 dev gre1<\/code><\/pre>\n
You should replace\u00a0<HOST_A_PRIV_IP_GRE><\/code>\u00a0with an unused private IP, for example:<\/p>\n
ip addr add 10.0.0.1\/30 dev gre1<\/code><\/pre>\n
Now it’s a simple matter of activating the GRE interface with the following command:<\/p>\n
ip link set dev gre1 up<\/code><\/pre>\n
Setting up a firewall rule for source NAT<\/h5>\n
We’ll now add a firewall rule to perform source NAT. This will translate the source IP address of packets leaving our GRE interface into public routable addresses:<\/p>\n
iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s <HOST_B_PRIV_IP_GRE> ! -o gre+ -j SNAT --to-source <HOST_A_IP><\/code><\/pre>\n
EXAMPLE:\r\niptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 10.0.0.2 ! -o gre+ -j SNAT --to-source 1.1.1.1<\/code><\/pre>\n
Creating routing table rules for the GRE tunnel interface<\/h5>\n
Finally, we can add a custom routing table for the GRE tunnel that will route traffic from the GRE tunnel’s source IP through the GRE table:<\/p>\n
echo '100 GRE' >> \/etc\/iproute2\/rt_tables\r\nip rule add from <HOST_A_PRIV_IP_GRE>\/32 table GRE\r\nip route add default via <HOST_B_PRIV_IP_GRE> table GRE<\/code><\/pre>\n
EXAMPLE:\r\necho '100 GRE' >> \/etc\/iproute2\/rt_tables\r\nip rule add from 10.0.0.1\/32 table GRE\r\nip route add default via 10.0.0.2 table GRE<\/code><\/pre>\n
GRE tunnel setup on Host B<\/h3>\n
For host B, the setup is the same, except of course that we must use flip the IP addresses and use a different private IP.<\/p>\n
Enabling IP forwarding<\/h5>\n
We can set up IP forwarding on Host B with the same command as Host A.<\/p>\n
sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1<\/code><\/pre>\n
Creating the GRE tunnel interface<\/h5>\n
Now we can create the GRE tunnel interface from Host B to Host A:<\/p>\n
ip tunnel add gre1 mode gre remote <HOST_A_IP> local <HOST_B_IP> ttl 225<\/code><\/pre>\n
You should replace\u00a0<Host_A_IP><\/code>\u00a0with the IP address of your first server and\u00a0<Host_B_IP><\/code>\u00a0with the IP address of the machine you are currently connected to.<\/p>\n
Next, we need to assign an IP address to the GRE interface on our host:<\/p>\n
ip addr add <HOST_B_PRIV_IP_GRE>\/30 dev gre1<\/code><\/pre>\n
You should replace\u00a0<HOST_B_PRIV_IP_GRE><\/code>\u00a0with an unused private IP, for example:<\/p>\n
ip addr add 10.0.0.2\/30 dev gre1<\/code><\/pre>\n
Now it’s a simple matter of activating the GRE interface with the following command:<\/p>\n
ip link set dev gre1 up<\/code><\/pre>\n
Setting up a firewall rule for source NAT<\/h5>\n
We’ll now add a firewall rule to perform source NAT. This will translate the source IP address of packets leaving our GRE interface into public routable addresses:<\/p>\n
iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s <HOST_B_PRIV_IP_GRE> ! -o gre+ -j SNAT --to-source <HOST_B_IP><\/code><\/pre>\n
EXAMPLE:\r\niptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 10.0.0.1 ! -o gre+ -j SNAT --to-source 2.2.2.2<\/code><\/pre>\n
Creating routing table rules for the GRE tunnel interface<\/h5>\n
Finally, we can add a custom routing table for the GRE tunnel that will route traffic from the GRE tunnel’s source IP through the GRE table:<\/p>\n
echo '100 GRE' >> \/etc\/iproute2\/rt_tables\r\nip rule add from <HOST_B_PRIV_IP_GRE>\/32 table GRE\r\nip route add default via <HOST_A_PRIV_IP_GRE> table GRE<\/code><\/pre>\n
EXAMPLE:<\/code><\/pre>\n
echo '100 GRE' >> \/etc\/iproute2\/rt_tables\r\nip rule add from 10.0.0.2\/32 table GRE\r\nip route add default via 10.0.0.1 table GRE<\/code><\/pre>\n
That’s it! Your GRE tunnel should now be working. Remember, do not send any sensitive data via the tunnel without first setting up IPSec.<\/p>\n
Need an\u00a0anonymous VPS<\/a>\u00a0to host your GRE tunnel on?\u00a0Sign up<\/a> to GratisVPS today.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
This guide will walk through the setup and configuration of a GRE tunnel between two Linux hosts. The two Linux hosts are running Ubuntu 22.04 LTS. What is a GRE tunnel in networking? GRE (Generic Routing Encapsulation) tunnels encapsulate network packets inside new network packets. 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